<span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">“Healthline” journal is a peer reviewed official publication of Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine - Gujarat Chapter (IAPSM-GC). It is an indexed medical journal (in DOAJ, Index Copernicus, OPENJGATE, CABI, OpenAIRE and Index Medicus-SEAR) published quarterly. The “Healthline” aims to promote quality research in the field of Community Medicine and Public health.
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Assessment of Patient Satisfaction in Outpatient Department of PHCs in a Surendranagar District: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: The Bhore Committee (1946) proposed the Primary Health Centre (PHC) as the fundamental unit of the public health system, providing comprehensive care to rural populations, focusing on preventive and promotive aspects. PHC services should be comprehensive, accessible, acceptable, community-driven, and affordable. Patient satisfaction reflects their experience and attitude toward the quality of services provided. Objective: To assess the level of patient satisfaction with various quality-related parameters of outpatient department (OPD) at PHCs and to identify factors influencing satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to August 2023 among adult patients (aged 18 and above) attending the OPD of selected PHCs in Surendranagar District, Gujarat. Twenty PHCs were selected through simple random sampling (2 from each of the 10 talukas), and 10 patients per PHC were enrolled via convenience sampling. Patients with emergency conditions, chronic illnesses, or serious health issues were excluded. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire, and analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 26. Results: Overall, 81% (162) of patients were satisfied with their PHC visit. Key issues reported included unavailability of doctors (68%, 22), essential medicines (74%, 20), and drinking water (89%, 9). About 16.5% (33) faced difficulty reaching the PHC. Suggestions included ensuring drug availability (47.5%, 95), posting specialist doctors (30.5%, 61), and providing ambulance services (23.5%, 47). Conclusion: The study indicates high patient satisfaction with PHC services but highlights gaps in transportation, availability of doctors and medicines, and access to drinking water and ambulance services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saif Ali S. Kadri, Jay H. Nimavat, Kishor M. Sochaliya, Pratiksha R. Padhiyar, Pratik K. Jasani, Premsagar J. Vasava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Frailty and its Determinants among Elderly People of Rural Tamil Nadu - A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Frailty is defined as a clinically recognizable state of increased vulnerability resulting from aging associated decline in reserve and function across multiple systems. Unlike chronological aging, frailty is a dynamic and potentially reversible condition if identified early. Understanding its prevalence, risk factors, and consequences is essential for developing targeted interventions that can improve quality of life, reduce healthcare costs, and promote healthy aging. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of Frailty among elderly people aged 60 years and above in a rural area of Tamil Nadu Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done in 166 elders using multistage sampling method to assess the prevalence of frailty of rural Tamil Nadu. A semi-structured pretested questionnaire was used and Frailty was measured using Fried’s phenotypic criteria. Results: The study revealed that the Prevalence of Frailty was found to be 33.1%, 54.2% were pre-frail and 12.7% were non-frail. Statistically significant association was found between prevalence of frailty and age, gender, level of education, marital status, living arrangement, economic independence and vision. Female participants were more frail (41.4%) than male participants (16.4%). This study shows 92.9% of the participants who were of age 80 years and above were frail. Conclusion: The study shows that frailty is a prevalent condition among the elderly, reflecting the growing vulnerability of this age group to adverse health outcomes. Comprehensive Geriatric Care addressing all domains of ageing must be implemented from primary health care.
Frailty, elderly, older people, Fried’s criteria
Copyright (c) 2025 Malai Ammal M, Vijayakumar M, Vijayalakshmi M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pattern and Severity of Substance Use Disorder among Patients Seeking Treatment at De-addiction Centres in District Amritsar, Punjab
Introduction: Worldwide substance use is a major public health problem. There are multiple socio-demographic correlates of substance use disorders. Objective: To study pattern and severity of substance use disorder (SUD) among patients seeking treatment at two de-addiction centres in Amritsar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 patients with substance use disorders seeking treatment selected by total enumerative method in the time period from 25th March – 24th April,2025 using a predesigned and pretested proforma. The severity of substance use disorder was graded as Mild=2-3, Moderate= 4-5 and Severe=6+ using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for substance use disorder. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 36.4±11.1 years and majority (98%) were males. In order of frequency, substances used were opioids 170 (83.7%), alcohol 77 (37.9%), OTC (over the counter drugs) 42 (20.7%) and tobacco 31 (15.3%). Peer pressure was the commonest reason for the initiation of substance use. By grade, 170 (83.7%) participants had severe, 24 (11.8%) had moderate and 9 (4.5%) participants had mild grade of substance use disorder. Significant associations between severity of substance use disorder and frequency of substance use (OR= 3.61,95% CI=1.10-11.85), clinically diagnosed depression (OR=3.75, 95% CI=1.25-11.19), financial or legal issues faced due to substance use (OR =4.68, 95% CI=2.08-10.50) and current pattern of substance use (OR=4.30 95%, CI=1.50-12.32) were found. Conclusion: Sociocultural factors play a dominant role in substance use disorders. Socio-culturally relevant behaviour change communication and targeted interventions are need of the hour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Priyanka Devgun, Manisha Nagpal, Davinder Singh Bajwa, Harleen Kaur Ghara, Riya Gupta, Arshanpreet Kaur, Brisleen Kaur, Sehajpreet Kaur, Ivjeet Singh Kalkat, Pooja Khanna, Aditya Raj Malhotra, Kabir Singh Sadana, Akarshit Saini, Rajeshwar A Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study of Diabetes Mellitus Profile among Bus Drivers of Surat City Depot, Gujarat, India
Introduction: India is witnessing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with type 2 diabetes mellitus emerging as a major public health challenge. Gujarat, with its oil- and sugar-rich diet, ranks second nationally in diabetes prevalence. Among high-risk occupational groups, professional bus drivers are particularly vulnerable due to sedentary lifestyles, poor dietary habits, and limited physical activity. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes among bus drivers. To determine risk factors associated with diabetes. Methods: This study was conducted from May to August 2023 at two major bus depots in Surat, Gujarat. Based on the NFHS-5 prevalence of diabetes and using universal sampling, a total of 321 eligible bus drivers were included. Data were collected via a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS v26, Epi Info v3, and Excel 2019, applying univariate and bivariate analyses. Results: The majority were aged 31–40 years 167 (52%), belonged to socioeconomic Class 2 159 (50%), and had 0–5 years of job experience 188 (58%). About 45 (14%) reported health issues, primarily hypertension 13 (29%) and diabetes 12 (27%). Diabetes prevalence was significantly associated with education (p<0.001), socioeconomic class (p=0.018), and urban residence (p=0.04). Diabetic drivers were older, had longer job tenures, and higher incomes (p<0.05). Conclusion: There were significant associations between diabetes prevalence 30 (9.3%) and factors such as age, education, waist-to-hip ratio, residence, income and job tenure
Copyright (c) 2025 Pratik M Makwana, Krupa R Gondaliya, Sukesha P Gamit, Jayant R Patel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Brewing Epidemic of Research Publications in Medical Colleges: Critical Commentary
Today’s medical educator/health professional educator is undergoing an identity crisis as competing priorities are thrust on him/her. Being an astute clinician, teacher (with multiple sub roles involving pedagogical and technological skills), researcher and administrator the educator is expected to deliver on all the fronts which is easier said than done. The most important determinant of recognition and reward today is scholarship of discovery and not always scholarship of teaching, integration or application which seem surreal at the least. The accreditation and ranking of an institute hinge on the number and quality of research output. There are targets set for procuring research grants and patents. This looks progressive and necessary but there are concerns which need the attention of all stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manjunatha S Nagaraja (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Knowledge of Rabies and Wound Care after Animal Bite among Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) in Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC): A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Rabies is a vaccine preventable disease having 100% fatality. India is endemic for Rabies accounting for 36% of the world’s Rabies deaths. ASHAs are the grass root level worker who spreads awareness about Rabies and wound care after animal bite. Objectives: 1. To assess the knowledge of Rabies among ASHAs. 2. To assess the knowledge of wound care after animal bite among them. 3. To determine the association of various sociodemographic factors with knowledge of Rabies and wound care after animal bite among ASHA. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 139 ASHAs from Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation selected by stratified random sampling from 86 UPHC from September 2024 to November 2024. A self-administrating questionnaire was used. Results: The mean age of ASHAs was 43.8 ± 8.1 years and mean work experience of 11.6 ± 5.8 years. None of them had any prior training in Rabies or wound care. Dog bite (92.1%) was the commonest source recognized by the majority of participants and 82% thought Rabies is fatal. About 97.1% knew about Rabies vaccine, 20% knew the right number of doses. 62.6% believed in traditional remedies for wound care, while 76.3% knew about washing the wound with soap and water. Total knowledge score was most strongly associated with work experience (p = 0.024). Conclusion: This study identifies lack of knowledge regarding Rabies and appropriate care of wounds following animal bites among ASHA workers in Ahmedabad city suggesting the need for training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vibhuti Chandera, Bhavna Puwar, Vaibhavi Patel, Birenkumar Patel, Bhavin Solanki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study of Input-Output Performance of Health Facilities Under LaQshya: Evidence from Western Gujarat, India
Introduction: The Government of India has implemented LaQshya initiative to improve quality of intrapartum and postpartum care in public health facilities through structured quality improvement initiatives. Yet, empirical evidence on how preparedness at facility level affects outcomes in maternal service delivery is lacking in majority of districts in Gujarat. Objective: To measure the association between input preparedness and output performance indicators of the labour rooms in public health facilities implementing LaQshya in Rajkot district, Gujarat. Methods: A cross-sectional study (March–June 2022) in eight LaQshya-notified government facilities of Rajkot assessed input readiness using a checklist adapted from LaQshya standards. Domains included infrastructure, equipment, drugs, and human resources, summarized as composite input scores. Output measures covered deliveries, caesarean rates, PPH, breastfeeding initiation, patient satisfaction, and referral delays. Descriptive analysis and Spearman’s rank correlation examined associations between facility readiness and maternal health service outcomes. Results: Composite input scores in facilities ranged from 56.2% to 89.5%. There were statistically significant positive correlations between input scores and early initiation of breastfeeding (ρ = 0.72, p = 0.043) and delivery volume (ρ = 0.61, p = 0.05). Facilities with higher input scores consistently performed better in critical maternal health outcomes. Facilities with low input scores had evidence of delays in the referral process, low patient satisfaction rates, and gaps in availability of supplies. Conclusion: Facilities with stronger LaQshya input showed better maternal outcomes, especially breastfeeding and delivery volume. Strengthening inputs in facilities with poor score may reduce maternal morbidity and improve patient satisfaction significantly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gaurav B. Shukla, Mahaveer G. Golechha , Bharti D. Koria, Mitesh N. Bhanderi, Hiral A. Raval, Apurva N. Ratnu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy Adherence and Factors Associated with it among Household Contacts of Tuberculosis Patients in Western Uttar Pradesh: A Prospective study
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, with India bearing the highest burden. Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT) is a critical strategy to prevent latent TB infection (LTBI) from progressing to active disease, particularly among household contacts (HHCs) of pulmonary TB patients. Objective: This study evaluates the completion rate and factors influencing TPT adherence in Agra district, India. Methods: A community based prospective follow up study was conducted from January 2024 to December 2024 in two randomly selected Tuberculosis Units (TU) (Lohamandi and Bichpuri) in Agra district. A total of 360 Household contacts (HHC) were enrolled in the study. Data was collected via a pilot-tested, semi-structured questionnaire based on the Programmatic Management of Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment (PMTPT) guidelines. Participants were followed for six months to assess TPT completion, adverse effects and factors influencing compliance of TPT. Results: The TPT completion rate was 55.3%, with 40.9% lost to follow-up and 3.8% discontinuing due to adverse effects. Factors significantly associated with completion included higher education, occupation, socio-economic status, regular follow-up, and awareness of TPT importance (all p<0.001). Common barriers to adherence were lack of perceived need (41.9%) and forgetfulness (38.7%). Reported side effects were minimal, including lethargy (2.8%) and skin rashes (1.1%). Conclusion: Study highlights that TPT adherence in Agra district is slightly over half hindered by low awareness and poor follow-up. Strengthening education, routine monitoring, and addressing socio-economic barriers are essential to enhancing TPT outcomes and achieving India's TB elimination target by 2025.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanghmitra Singh, Geetu Singh, Himalaya Singh, Gajendra Vikram Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Quality of Life among Patients with Neuropathic Pain Attending Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kolkata, India
Introduction: Neuropathic pain is a complex, painful condition, difficult to diagnose and treat with a negative impact on patients’ health and quality of life. Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between neuropathic pain and quality of life along with identifying the limiting aspects in the daily life of the patients suffering from it; and also, to find out association of socio-demographic factors with quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months among 404 patients with neuropathic pain attending the outpatient department of Neuro-medicine and Physical medicine of a tertiary care teaching Hospital, Kolkata using WHO QOL-BREF Scale. Data were tabulated in MS-Excel spreadsheet, statistical analysis was done in SPSS version 26. Results: Among the study participants 264 (65.4%) were female, about 252 (62.2%) were Muslim and 372 (92.2%) were married. More than half of the study participants had poor quality of life 238 (59%) with burning 343 (93%), tingling 365 (90%) sensation. A total of 290 (72%) of the study participants were suffering from severe pain. It was found that the limiting aspect was the psychological domain. Significant association (p<0.05) was seen with age, gender, religion and education with QOL. Conclusion: Majority of the study participants had poor quality of life (59%) with the greatest impact on psychological domain after the onset of pain and presented a positive attitude for treatment towards it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sayantani Bhunia, Kuntala Ray, Anindita Maiti, Anindita Mondal, Moumita Mandal, Mausumi Basu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Adult Vaccination among Diabetic Patients: An Assessment of Awareness, Coverage and Acceptance in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kolkata, India
Introduction: Adult vaccination is widely recognized as a highly cost-effective public health measure, despite its benefits many diabetics may not grasp their importance or have misconceptions, affecting their acceptance. The purpose of the study was to assess the awareness and to estimate the coverage and find out the level of acceptance of adult vaccination. Methods: An observational study with cross-sectional design was conducted in Diabetes OPD of tertiary care hospital in Kolkata among 423 diabetics patients using consecutive sampling methods attending Diabetic OPD for a duration 6 months (September 2023-February 2024). A pre-designed, pre-tested, structured schedule comprising of socio demographic clinical profile, awareness, coverage and acceptance of vaccine was used for face-to-face interview. Data were analysed by Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS v25.0. Results: Out of 423 participants more than half (57%) were male, and mean age of them were 50.7 years (±11.2). Ninety one percent (91%) of study participants had type II Diabetes Mellitus, and more than two thirds (67.4 %) suffered from co-morbidities. Thirteen percent (13%) had adequate awareness about adult vaccination and very few (7%) had administered Hepatitis B vaccine. Seventy one percent (71%) of the study participants were ready to get Influenza vaccine after being aware. Fear of adverse effects and out of pocket expenditure were the major reason from non-acceptance of vaccines. Conclusion: Eighty-seven percent (87%) of the participants had inadequate awareness about adult vaccines and only seven percent (7%) of them had taken Hepatitis B vaccination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Somnath Naskar, Aparajita Mondal, Ratul Kumar Bysack, Mausumi Basu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study on Consumption of Iron and Folic Acid Supplements and its Determinants among Women During Pregnancy in Rural Punjab, India
Introduction: Anaemia in pregnancy remains a public health problem and is an important indirect cause of maternal mortality. Iron deficiency is regarded as the most common cause of anaemia during pregnancy. World Health Organization recommends daily oral iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation as part of antenatal care. Despite this recommendation, the use of IFA supplements is still very low in several developing countries. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of consumption of IFA supplements and to identify its determinants among women while pregnant. Methods: It was a population based cross sectional study done in rural field practice area of community medicine. Total of 370 mothers of two months to two years old children were selected by PPS sampling. Data so collected was analysed by SPSS using descriptive inferential and chi square test. Results: Prevalence of IFA consumption for 180 days or more was 56.7%. Factors like caste, socioeconomic status of family, education of respondent as well as husband, parity and knowledge about antenatal care, anaemia and IFA consumption were significantly associated with consumption of IFA supplements. Side effects, forgetfulness and lack of knowledge about duration of intake were main reasons for discontinuation. Conclusion: There is a need to generate awareness regarding importance and correct duration of IFA consumption during pregnancy and constant mobilisation and support by health workers is required to increase the compliance
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanyogita Gupta, Priyanka Devgun, Harpreet Kaur , Harjot Birgi, Vishal Gupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Mixed-method Study on Coping Mechanism among Caregivers of Thalassemia Patients Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital in West Bengal, India
Introduction: Thalassemia is a severe chronic anaemia. Caregivers face many stresses to provide the best possible medical care for their children. They develop a variety of coping mechanism. Objectives: To determine coping mechanism among caregivers of thalassemia patients and its associated factors; To explore challenges faced by caregivers of thalassemia patients. Methods: Institutional based observational study with convergent parallel mixed method study design was conducted in tertiary care hospital at OPD of Haematology Department in Kolkata, India. Total of 130 caregivers were selected through systematic random sampling for the quantitative strand who were interviewed using pre-tested questionnaire and the Coping Health Inventory for Parents-45 (CHIP). Additionally, seven in-depth interviews were conducted for the qualitative strand. Data were analysed using MS Excel 2019, SPSS v25, and QDA Miner Lite v3.0.2 with coding and thematic analysis after data saturation. Results: Among the caregivers 55 (42.3%) and 75 (57.7%) were mothers and fathers respectively with median age of 34 years. The median total score of the CHIP was 75, where 49% caregivers had adequate and 51% had inadequate coping skills. There was significant association between inadequate coping with poor social support (p=0.045) and frequent blood transfusion interval (p=0.020). The qualitative strand of this mixed-methods study identified five major themes-health problems, self-negligence, financial issues, familial issues and spiritual beliefs. Conclusion: Nearly half of the caregivers exhibited inadequate coping due to poor social support and shorter intervals between blood transfusions. Comprehensive support systems are crucial to improve their coping and overall quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaswati Biswas, Madhumita Bhattacharyya, Monalisha Sahu, Rivu Basu, Bobby Paul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of Practices Regarding Hepatitis B Infection and Its Prevention among Undergraduate Students of a Government Medical College in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a significant occupational risk to healthcare workers, including medical students. Assessing their preventive practices is critical to mitigate future transmission risks within healthcare settings. Objectives: This study aimed to assess practices related to Hepatitis B infection and its prevention, and to identify associated factors among medical undergraduates. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to November 2019, among 573 MBBS students at a government medical college in Western Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected via a semi-structured, pretested questionnaire, capturing socio-demographic details and responses on HBV practices. Practice scores were categorized as good, average, or poor. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 29 (trial version), applying Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to assess associations. Results: Out of 600 eligible undergraduate students, 573 responded (96% response rate). Most students (97.2%) exhibited good preventive practices. However, only 74.5% were vaccinated, and a mere 18.8% had ever been tested for HBV. Razor-sharing was reported by 24.3%, highlighting risky behaviour. Lower professional years exhibited higher percentage of good practices. Professional year showed a statistically significant association with practice levels (p=0.01). Conclusion: A high proportion of students (97.2%) reported having good practices, however gaps persist in vaccination coverage, testing, and health education participation. Strengthening behavioural interventions, integrating routine HBV screening, and emphasizing preventive training throughout medical education are essential to ensure sustained safe practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rudresh Negi, Renu Agarwal, Ishaan Virmani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Resilience among the Undergraduate Students in a Medical College in Kolkata: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Medical education is competitive, causing academic, clinical, and psychosocial stress, which contributes to rising depression and suicide rates among students. Resilience, the ability to cope with setbacks, serves as a stable protective factor against stress and burnout. Objectives: To estimate resilience among Undergraduate students of a Medical College in Kolkata and to determine the association of resilience with selected sociodemographic and academic variables. Methods: A facility-based observational study, cross-sectional in design, was conducted among 160 undergraduate students selected by stratified random sampling in a medical college of Kolkata. Sample size was calculated considering p=0.5, a precision of 7 %, design effect of 0.8 and considering 5% nonresponder rate. A predesigned, pre-validated structured questionnaire was used, comprising socio-demographic variables, the WHO 5 wellbeing score, and the Brief Resilience Scale. Association was calculated by the Chi-square test. Those having a significant association with them were taken for binary logistic regression. The value of p less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 160 study participants, 33% had a low level of resilience. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, higher age [AOR 2.22(1.03-4.76)], having no problems in the family [AOR 2.44(1.07-5.56)], and having a good WHO five wellbeing score [AOR 2.7(1.23-5.88)], have higher odds of having adequate resilience. Conclusion: About one-third of the study participants (33%) had low resilience. Male sex, higher age, belonging to joint family, having no problem in the family, absence of any comorbidity and having good WHO 5 wellbeing score had higher odds of developing adequate resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Subhajoy Maitra, Sayeli Mitra, Archi Chandra, Aditi Aikat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Facilitators and Barriers of Service Utilization in the Ayushman Arogya Mandirs of Tripura: A Qualitative Study
Introduction: In order to deliver comprehensive primary health care, the existing Sub Health Centres were converted into Health and Wellness Centre (HWC) now known as Ayushman Arogya Mandirs under the twin pillars of Ayushman Bharat Scheme. However, Universal Health Coverage (UHC) remains an elusive aim due to various shortcomings in the quality and availability of services. Objective: To identify the facilitators and barriers of utilization of the services of Health and Wellness Centres of Tripura. Methods: This was a Qualitative study, using In-depth Interview method where 35 key informants’ in-depth interviews were conducted in different health and wellness centre areas from the districts of Tripura and data were analysed using the Thematic network analysis framework. Results: Unavailability of services (like medicines and functioning equipment), lack of accessibility, lack of satisfaction, lack of awareness and poor health seeking behaviour were identified as major barriers of utilization of the services. On the other hand, positive working attitudes of the staff, availability of MCH services, friendly environment and good communication of staffs were found as facilitators in the utilization of services. Conclusion: The study highlighted that poor accessibility of health centres, unavailability of medicines, equipment etc., were acting as barriers whereas availability of the MCH services and staff behaviour were facilitating the service utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paulami Nag, Rituparna Das, Subrata Baidya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Association Between Prior Tuberculosis History and Treatment Outcomes in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients Receiving Bedaquiline-Based Therapy: Prospective Observational Study from Western India
Introduction: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a significant public health challenge in India. While treatment success in DR-TB cases remains limited, bedaquiline-based oral longer regimens have shown promising results in select studies. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether a patient’s prior TB status influences treatment outcomes under a bedaquiline-based regimen and to assess other previous TB-related variables affecting current DR-TB outcomes. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Rajkot, Gujarat, between April 2023 and September 2024. Fifty DR-TB patients on bedaquiline-based oral longer regimens were selected using purposive sampling. Data on previous TB treatment, clinical and demographic variables were collected. Treatment outcomes were categorized as cured, treatment completed, defaulted, died, or failed. Statistical analysis using Chi-square and Cramer’s V was conducted to assess associations. Results: Of the 50 patients, 74% were underweight and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and 58% were female. Patients with a history of cured drug-sensitive TB (DSTB) demonstrated the highest favourable outcomes, with 70% showing success, and 55% achieving cure. In contrast, those with prior treatment failure or no TB history had poorer outcomes. However, the association between prior TB status and current DR-TB outcomes was not statistically significant (Chi-square = 20.99, p > 0.05; Cramer’s V = 0.3), indicating a weak correlation. Conclusion: Although cured DSTB history appears to improve outcomes, previous TB status alone does not significantly predict DR-TB treatment success. A comprehensive approach addressing adherence, resistance, comorbidities, nutrition, and social factors is crucial for better outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruchita Anilbhai Sakaria, Bina Modi, Anjana MS, Bharti Koria, Kamlesh Vithalani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrity in Research – The Cornerstone of Trust in Science
In recent years, the credibility of research has come under intense scrutiny. Scientific inquiry is built on curiosity, rigor, and honesty – yet, the very foundations are sometimes shaken by instances of misconduct, ranging from data fabrication and plagiarism to questionable authorship practices. Retractions of published papers, once considered rare and exceptional, have now become a regular feature in scholarly communication. Each retraction represents not just a blemish on the record of an individual or institution, but also an erosion of public trust in science. Institutions play an important role in upholding the values and integrity of research and science.
Copyright (c) 2025 Animesh Jain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perceptions and Effect of Mentoring of MBBS Students in a Peripheral Medical College of West Bengal
Introduction: Various medical colleges of West Bengal have developed ‘Mentoring Program’ offering guidance to students. Objectives: To assess mentees’ and mentors’ perception regarding mentoring during MBBS, to identify the barriers in a mentor-mentee relationship, to observe the effect of mentoring on perceived stress among students and identify association between stress level and socio-demographic profile. Methods: Institution based analytical study (November 2021 - October 2022) where total enumeration of third year students was done (n=183). HESI scale was used for the stress score & association between stress level and socio-demographic profile (chi-square/fisher’s exact test) were done. Results: Majority of the students 151 (82.51%) stated that they were benefitted from the mentoring. Among the benefitted students 35 (23.18%) stated it as academic, 22 (14.57%) as personal and 88 (58.27%) as both. Most of the students felt an ideal mentor should be friendly 161 (87.98%), easily approachable 166 (90.71%), a good listener 144 (78.69%), understandable 148 (80.87%), soft spoken 125 (68.31%), and should guide by valuable suggestions 138 (75.41%). About the barriers in communicating with the mentor 61 (33.33%) stated time constraints as the major barrier. A significant reduction in mean stress scores, from 2.48 (±0.39) before a mentoring program to 2.40 (±0.34) after (p < .005) by HESI scale was seen by paired t-test. Stress was not found to be significant with socio-demographic profile (chi-square/fisher’s exact test). Conclusions: Perception regarding mentoring among the mentors & mentees was found to be positive. Mentoring played a significant role in stress reduction among the students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Surajit Lahiri, Sonali Choudhari, Prianka Mukhopadhyay, Manisha Sarkar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Study on Occupational Correlates for Workplace Wellbeing, Morbidities and Occupational Health and Safety Vulnerability Measures amongst Diamond Workers In Surat
Introduction: Workers in diamond industry are exposed to various hazards. There are only few published scientific studies on workplace well-being, occupational health and safety measures in diamond workers. Objectives: To study occupational correlates for workplace wellbeing, morbidities and occupational health and safety vulnerability measures in diamond workers. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted on 350 diamond workers in four diamond industries located in Surat, Gujarat. Two stage convenient sampling was done with selection of industries in the first and selection of participants in the second. A questionnaire eliciting Socio demographic, Occupational and epidemiological variables was prepared along with workplace well-being questionnaire and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) vulnerability measure. Proportions, Chi-square, Fishers exact test and ANOVA, Post Hoc tests were calculated for tests of significance. Results: Out of 350 workers, 260 experienced health issues. Pain in the wrists, elbows, and shoulders (Musculo skeletal disorders) was reported by 156 (44.5%). Significant difference was found between different styles of work amongst diamond workers and work satisfaction. The workers when asked about OHS (Occupational Health and safety) Vulnerability Measures, all the workers mentioned “Never” for Question 8WH (Workplace Hazards-WH) Experience being bullied or harassed at work. Conclusions: All the five types of workers have medium level of work satisfaction, but differences are evident by mean scores with Table work having highest score over other type of works. Those doing Taliya and Mathala work had more health issues than Table, Ghat, and Athphel workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parita R Bhut, Deepak B Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perceptions and Challenges of Health Personnel in Managing Animal Bite Cases at a Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC) of Medical College in Ahmedabad: A Qualitative Study
Introduction: Animal bite in human is a public health concern in India. Prompt reporting followed by wound care and vaccination are essential to avoid rabies. Perception of service provider towards treatment contributes an important role for prevention against rabies. Objectives: To explore the perception and challenges faced by health personnel in animal bite cases management Methods: A qualitative study was conducted at the RHTC of medical college in Ahmedabad. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions of ASHAs and Key Informants Interviews (KII) with service providers (3 Medical Officers (MOs), 1 staff nurse, 1 pharmacist, and 2 support staff). Data were analysed thematically. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Results: Service providers' KIIs showed that MOs were unclear about classification of animal bites due to lack of formal/updated training. Immunoglobulins were the only ARV-related logistics not available at facility. No system in place to monitor cases of animal bites. ASHA's FGD shared that community still continues to treat wounds with traditional remedies like chhikni, turmeric etc., and also take vow due to belief. The local authority isn't doing enough to address stray dog problem and recent surge in dog bite incidents reported. ASHAs knew importance of ARV, but having a partial knowledge of its schedule. They did not receive any formal training on managing animal bites, despite ASHA's were ready to learn more about it. Conclusion: The study highlighted inadequacies in the management of animal bites, such as lack of resources, misunderstandings in the community and insufficient staff training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shailesh Prajapati, Rashmi S. Sharma, Harsh Bakshi, Brijesh P Patel, Azbah W. Pirzada, Nirav K. Bapat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
From 99DOTS to 99DOTSLite in Gujarat: A Pragmatic Leap in TB Treatment Adherence
In 2013, Microsoft Research India launched a digital adherence technology (DAT) called 99DOTS which was created to overcome low treatment adherence in India's tuberculosis (TB) program. It employed the use of envelope-based medication delivery with concealed numbers which were unlocked and dialed by the patient to record compliance. Although successful in small-scale pilots, widespread adoption revealed several weaknesses such as dependence on packaging, complexity, and imprecision. To address these, the Central TB Division introduced a simplified version of its system, 99DOTSLite, in 2023, which relies on district-specific toll-free numbers (TFNs) printed on the medication packs or ID cards. Patients verify intake by making a missed call which gets automatically registered in Ni-kshay and thus followed up in real time in case of missed doses. In comparison to the previous systems, 99DOTSLite is affordable, compatible with any TB regimen, user-friendly, and easily integrated with the digital TB environment of India. Even though issues with phone access, connection, and possible false reporting are possible, 99DOTSLite is an open-ended, patient-centered innovation essential to India TB elimination activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mittal Rathod, Harsha Solanki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Risk of Rabies and the Traveller's Health
Rabies is one of the deadliest infectious diseases. It is prevalent all over the world. As it is spread to humans and some animals by bite, scratch or direct contact with the mucous membrane of the infected animal. Most of the people coming to the African and Asian countries are exposed to rabies, special people coming from where the elimination of canine rabies has been achieved. Most of the travellers are aware of the rabies infection. Travellers know that animals, especially dogs, are the most common source of rabies infection. Most of the travellers don’t have the seriousness of the infection. They don’t find themselves as a potential source of the spread of the rabies infection. The vaccine against rabies infection is the main key to stopping the spread of the disease. Travel clinics are one of the platforms from which people can get all the information regarding infectious diseases occurring in the visiting area. The role of healthcare professionals in recommending rabies vaccination prior to travel to endemic areas is extremely important. The lack of knowledge and awareness of rabies exposure results in a variety of opinions on which travellers should receive pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). It directly influences the recommendation and decision-making as it is based on individual perspective and interpretation rather than statistical data on rabies infection in each country.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashwini Katole, Purushottam Giri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Monitoring of the National Mass Drug Administration Campaign for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in Narmada District, Gujarat: An Experience
This study evaluates MDA campaign in Gujarat for lymphatic filariasis elimination in the Narmada district. While ashram schools achieved 95% coverage, household compliance reached only 75% due to work conflicts, and migrant workers showed 80% uptake with mop-up challenges. Key barriers included medical condition-related refusals (60%), fear of side effect of medication (30%), and documentation gaps (40%). Implementation challenges involved poor timing (missing 25% workers), exclusion of commercial sectors, and weak coordination. Successful institutional delivery models contrasted with gaps requiring: 1) adjusted distribution timings, 2) targeted counselling for chronic patients, 3) workplace-based MDA, and 4) enhanced digital IEC in local dialects. The findings emphasise the need for improved microplanning, real-time monitoring, and private-sector integration. These results demonstrate that tailored approaches targeted working populations, migrants, and comorbid patients can significantly improve compliance. The study provides actionable recommendations to strengthen MDA implementation, supporting India's 2027 elimination target through context-specific strategies that address ground-level challenges while leveraging successful institutional models.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arihant Jain, Lincy Ableen Lakra, S.K. Rasania (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention on Treatment Adherence Among Hypertensive Patients in Rural Delhi
Introduction: Hypertension is a major public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries like India, with low awareness and control rates, especially in rural areas. Poor adherence to treatment remains a significant barrier. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an educational intervention in improving medication adherence among hypertensive patients in rural Delhi. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted educational intervention package in improving treatment adherence and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients in rural Delhi. Methods: A quasi-experimental, before-and-after study was conducted among 102 hypertensive patients at the Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh. The intervention included flipchart-based counselling, weekly voice and text messages, and follow-up visits conducted at 2,4,6 months. Data were collected using Hill Bone Medication Adherence Scale for medical adherence. Cochran’s Q, McNemar, Chi square and logistic regression were used for statistical significance of adherence changes and associations. Results: Medication adherence increased significantly from 47 (53.9%) at baseline to 72 (70.5%) post-intervention (p < 0.001). The mean Hill Bone Scale score decreased from 31.4 ± 6.2 to 28.49 ± 4.46, indicating better adherence. Significant associations were found between adherence and regular Blood Pressure checks (p = 0.03), weight loss (p = 0.001), and blood pressure control (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that educational interventions significantly improve medication adherence and blood pressure control in rural settings. Regular monitoring and lifestyle changes, especially weight loss, further enhanced adherence, highlighting the need for scalable, sustainable hypertension management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anubhav Mondal, Richa Kapoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study About Household Solid Waste Management Practices Among Residents in Urban Slum Area of Mumbai
Introduction: Household solid waste management is a primary step to curb environmental pollution. Objective: To determine household solid waste management practices among residents in urban slum area in Mumbai. Method: A Cross-sectional study was conducted in a community field practice area. Two hundred participants were selected by using systematic random sampling method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: The study revealed 75.5% (151) of families used wastebins in households, 64.5% (129) used public bins for disposal of waste, and 66.5% (133) of households did not segregate the waste generated. Statistically significant association was found between education and waste management practices. Conclusions: This study showed that majority of waste generated was kitchen waste, and very small percentage of people segregated waste material, even though the appropriate method for waste disposal had been practiced. Measures must be taken to reduce generated waste and create awareness regarding proper waste disposal methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anish Krishna C.U., Rujuta S. Hadaye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Consumption of High-Fat, Salt, and Sugar Foods and its Determinants Among Medical Undergraduates in North Kerala: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Rising HFSS food intake among young medical undergraduates contributes to early NCD risk among them. Objectives: To assess the consumption pattern of HFSS foods and the factors determining its choice among medical undergraduates in North Kerala. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among medical undergraduates of a private medical college in North Kerala during 2024. Stratified random sampling were done and 202 participants were selected. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to study participants and anthropometric assessments such as height, weight, and BMI was assessed. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS. Results: A significant proportion (51.5%) of participants regularly consumed HFSS foods, with taste (82%) being a primary motivator for their choices. Awareness levels regarding the health risks associated with HFSS foods varied among participants. Varying degrees of malnutrition such as Underweight (13.5%), Overweight (26.9 %) and Obesity (26%) were more among those who had high HFSS consumption. Those who perceived a negative impact of HFSS foods on their health was 1.4 times higher HFSS consumers than others and was an independent predictor (p 0.037) Conclusion: The study reveals critical insights into the dietary behaviours of young adults. More than half of the medical undergraduates reported high consumption of HFSS foods, correlating with rising obesity rates in this population. The study identifies key factors influencing their dietary choices, including convenience, affordability, and social influences such as peer pressure and marketing tactics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Navya Gangadharan, Meera S Nair, Nivya N K, Manju T L, Anjali Lakshmanan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Barriers and Enablers in Implementing Tele-Counselling for Postnatal Care of Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Rural India: A Qualitative Study
Introduction: Tele-counselling may emerge as a promising strategy for improving neonatal outcomes in low-birthweight (LBW) babies especially in resource-constrained settings. Objective: To explore barriers and enablers in implementing tele-counselling for caregivers of LBW infants in a rural Indian setting drawing insights from a community based interventional study. Methods: This qualitative study was nested within a larger community based interventional study, conducted in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, the qualitative component is presented. Tele-counselling was provided to caregivers of 40 LBW infants over eight weeks selected consecutively. Data related to challenges were collected through in-depth interviews and analysed by thematic analysis, supplemented with qualitative reflections and case narratives. Results: Key barriers included poor network coverage (35%), lack of willingness to talk (35%), time constraints (25%) and comprehension difficulties (7.5%). Enablers included ASHA worker involvement, flexible scheduling and personalized support. Six themes emerged: technological barriers, communication and comprehension gaps, trust and reluctance, time constraints and competing priorities, role of Community Health Workers, and personalization and case-based support. Conclusion: Despite technological and behavioural barriers, tele-counselling can serve as an effective postnatal intervention tool when combined with trust-building, flexible timing and collaboration with frontline workers. Tailored counselling, regular follow-up and community integration are critical for success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shivangi Agrawal, Renu Agrawal, Pankaj Kumar Agrawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Digital Pulse: Time to Rewire Medical Libraries in India
Copyright (c) 2025 Nitin Solanki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Family Caregivers’ Perspective for Cancer Care in a Tertiary Care Centre of Assam
Introduction: Family caregivers (FC) of patients with cancer has to undergo a lot of difficulties while taking care of the patients especially during advanced stage and often face burnout. Objective: To assess cancer patient’s caregivers’ perspective in a tertiary care centre of Dibrugarh, Assam. Methods: A Cross-sectional mixed method study was done among. Sample size was 180. Patients with cancer and their primary caregivers in a Tertiary Cancer Centre of Assam were enrolled between May-November 2024. Pretested and predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data from caregivers of cancer patients. Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) format was used for assessing burden of caregivers. In depth interview of 20 caregivers (till saturation level) was done and the data collected was used for qualitative study. Analysis was done using SPSS 25 and Atlas TI. Result: A total of 155 participated in the study. Mean age of the caregivers was 42.26 ± 11.84 years and mean Zarit Burden score of caregivers was 36.44±9.65. Majority (103, 67%) caregivers reported mild-to-moderate burden, while 41 caregivers (26%) reported moderate-to-severe burden. Financial constrain, lack of social and emotional support, communication challenges emerged as major themes in qualitative study. Conclusion: Financial and emotional strain, dependency, anxiety and stress need to be addressed with holistic implementation of community-based interventions such as different welfare scheme, strengthened support system and communication interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marycharan Devi Sagolsem, Tulika Goswami Mahanta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dyslipidemia and Hypertension Among Type 2 Diabetics at a Tertiary Care Hospital of South Gujarat, India
Introduction: The number of diabetes cases are rising globally along with comorbidities like hypertension and dyslipidemia. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients of Valsad, Gujarat, India. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of total 62 blood samples of T2DM patients selected by convenience sampling which analysed fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PP2BS), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) using standard methods at a tertiary care hospital of Valsad. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were also estimated using Martin-Hopkins and Friedewald equations respectively. Results: In study participants, 11.29% had neither hypertension (HTN) nor dyslipidemia, 64.52% had HTN, 77.42% had dyslipidemia and 53.22% patients had HTN and dyslipidemia along with diabetes. Conclusion: Results suggest a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and HTN in study subjects. Early screening and administration of lipid-lowering agents are required in these patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jash Kotak, Kirtida Tandel, Mithil Kotak, Diwakar Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0