<span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">“Healthline” journal is a peer reviewed official publication of Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine - Gujarat Chapter (IAPSM-GC). It is an indexed medical journal (in DOAJ, Index Copernicus, OPENJGATE, CABI, and OpenAIRE) published quarterly. The “Healthline” aims to promote quality research in the field of Community Medicine and Public health.
<p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <p style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Articles in "Healthline Journal" are Open Access articles. The license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work and source is properly cited, and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension among Tribal Adults in Sambalpur, Odisha: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Hypertension is a major non-communicable disease and a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Tribal populations in India, despite their distinct socio-cultural characteristics, are increasingly exposed to lifestyle transitions that may increase their risk of hypertension. However, there is limited evidence on the prevalence and determinants of hypertension among tribal communities in Odisha. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated risk factors among the adult tribal population of Sambalpur district. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 adult tribal individuals aged 18–60 years in Sambalpur district. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pretested structured questionnaire, and blood pressure was measured using standard procedures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression to identify factors associated with hypertension. Results: The mean age of participants was 41.5 ± 11.6 years, and males constituted 54.4% of the study population. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 13.6%. Among hypertensive individuals, 40.8% were newly diagnosed during the survey. Only 20.6% of known hypertensive cases had their blood pressure under control. Multivariable logistic regression showed that age 41–60 years (AOR = 2.578; p = 0.016), family history of hypertension (AOR = 4.288; p < 0.001), and alcohol consumption (AOR = 2.825; p = 0.010) were significant predictors. Conclusion: Hypertension is prevalent among the tribal population of Sambalpur. Strengthening early detection, lifestyle modification, and primary healthcare services is essential to address this public health concern.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Jitendra Kumar Bhuyan, Dr. Subrat Kumar Pradhan, Dr. Smita Kumari Panda, Dr. Jyotirmayee Behera, Dr. Mrinalini Sai, Dr. Ranjan Kumar Jena (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Metabolic Health and the Future of Public Health
Copyright (c) 2026 Annarao Kulkarni, Poojitha S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nutritional Status and Determinants of Undernutrition among Under-Five Children in Migrant Populations of Ahmedabad, India: A Community based Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: India is one of the largest contributors of child undernutrition globally. A complex relationship exists between migration and undernutrition. Objectives: 1. To assess the nutritional status of under 5 migrant children in Ahmedabad. 2. To find out the determinants of undernutrition among migrant children. Method: A crosssectional study was conducted among 668 children (6-59 months) of migrant workers in 171 identified migrant settlements of Ahmedabad. Sampling was done proportionate to population size (PPS) of under 5 migrant children in 7 purposively selected Urban Primary Health Centres (UPHCs) of Ahmedabad. Primary data included anthropometric measurements of children & interviews of primary caregivers. Predictors of undernutrition were determined using logistic regression models. Results: The overall prevalence of undernutrition among under 5 migrant children was found to be 71.4%. The study found 300 (44.9%) participants to be underweight while stunting and wasting was present among 283 (42.4%) and 183 (27.4%) participants respectively. Food insecurity was found to be main predictor of wasting (AOR: 2.144, p<0.001) and being underweight (AOR: 2.386, p<0.001) while increased frequency of illness per year was major predictor for stunting (AOR: 1.745, p=0.003). Other important determinants were found to be age, birth weight, birth order, mother's working status, mother's education, socioeconomic status, type of migration, number of migrations, immunization, age-appropriate feeding and registration in anganwadi. Conclusion: Undernutrition among under 5 children was remarkably high among the migrant population. Multiple factors affect nutritional status of children with increase in frequency of illness and food insecurity being major predictors of undernutrition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sudhanshu Saurabh, Dr. Hothal Vegad, Dr. Aparajita Shukla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Study of Mental Health Status among Cancer Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bhopal City – A Mixed Method Study
Background: Cancer is a major global health problem and is frequently associated with anxiety and depression that remain unrecognized and adversely affecting treatment outcome. So, the present study aims to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression among cancer patients. Methods: A hospital-based mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 adult cancer patients attending the Oncology Department of a tertiary care hospital in Bhopal for 01 year. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to collect quantitative data and in - depth interview for qualitative data. Chi square test was applied to test the association between quantitative variables and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Results: The mean age of participants was predominantly above 40 years, with males constituting 53.3%. Breast cancer (23.3%) was commonly reported cancer. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 37% and 29%, respectively. Anxiety showed a significant association with gender (p=0.032) and cancer stage (p=0.002), while depression was significantly associated with marital status (p=0.049), socioeconomic status (p=0.033), and cancer stage (p=0.022). A strong positive correlation was observed between anxiety and depression scores (r=0.8524). Qualitative analysis showed varied perception, financial insecurity and social stigma. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of cancer patients experienced anxiety and depression, particularly those with advanced-stage disease. Participaants commonly reported fear, hopelessness, financial insecurity, social withdrawal, and concerns regarding the future. It highlights the need for routine mental health screening as a part of comprehensive cancer care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Garima Namdev, Soumya Gupta, Monesh Verma, Sumit Shrivastava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose among Diabetic Patients attending NCD Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai: A Cross-sectional Study
Introduction: Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a pivotal self-care measure in diabetes management, enabling better glycemic control and complication prevention. In India, however, the practice and awareness of SMBG remains limited, and factors influencing its use are insufficiently explored. Objectives: To assess the awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practices of self-monitoring of blood glucose and the factors associated with its awareness among type 2 diabetic patients. Material Methods: This study included 180 type 2 diabetic patients (≥18 years) attending the NCD clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Chennai using consecutive sampling. Sociodemographic and diabetic profile alongside awareness, knowledge, attitude and practices of SMBG were assessed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS v21.0, using frequencies/ proportions for categorical variables and exact tests for socio-demographic associations. Results: Only 48.9% of participants were aware of SMBG. Among those patients with awareness (n=88), healthcare professionals were the main source of information (52.6%), yet 35.9% of aware patients lacked practical knowledge on using a glucometer and 30.8% of them were unaware of the benefits. Also 88.5% (n=88) expressed willingness to use glucometers if subsidized. Only 57.9% of aware patients ever used a glucometer. Awareness of SMBG showed significant association with age (p<0.001) and education (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study highlights substantial gaps in knowledge and practice of SMBG among type 2 diabetics, significantly influenced by socio-demographic factors like age and education. Strengthening patient education, clearing misconceptions, and improving access to affordable resources are crucial to enhance diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Geethanjali S, Rajesh J, Arun Murugan S, Ramasubramanian R, Sathish Kumar. K, Pavithra G (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Risk Factors and Prevalence of Antenatal Psychiatric Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Underprivileged Urban Setting
Introduction: Antenatal psychiatric symptoms (APS) adversely affect maternal-foetal outcomes, yet risk factors remain under-researched in India’s underprivileged urban communities. Objectives: We assessed the prevalence and associated risk factors of APS in an urban primary care setting. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a government maternity hospital in South India. Women >= 18 years, with gestation < 24 weeks, were screened for APS using Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7 and World Health Organisation's Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used for clinical variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used for risk factors associated with APS. Results: Prevalence of APS was 13.4%. History of self-harm attempts and spouse being a daily wage labourer were associated with APS. Conclusion: APS is prevalent in urban, underprivileged backgrounds. Mental health screening during pregnancy is vital, especially for those with history of self-harm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bhuvaneshwari Sethuraman, Avita R Johnson, Systla Rukmini, John Michael Raj A, Ramakrishna Goud B, Anupama N Shetty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of Behaviour Change Communication on Immediate Complications of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Quasi-Experimental Study
Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an emerging public health concern in India and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) is a costeffective strategy that can promote healthy behaviours and improve pregnancy outcomes among women with GDM. This study aims to assess the impact of BCC on immediate maternal and neonatal complications of GDM among antenatal women. Material and Methods: A single-centre, prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute in a metropolitan city. Systematic enrolment of 220 antenatal women diagnosed with GDM between 24–28 weeks of gestation was carried out from a sampling frame of 285 GDM-positive clinic attendees. Participants were allocated to an intervention group (Group A, n=110) and a control group (Group B, n=110) using a structured alternate-day systematic pseudo-randomisation method. Group A received structured health education through BCC, while Group B received routine antenatal care. Participants were followed up during late pregnancy and up to six weeks postpartum. Results: The proportion of women who did not experience immediate maternal complications was significantly higher in Group-A (61.79%) than in Group-B (20.68%) (p<0.05). A significantly greater reduction in post-prandial blood glucose levels was observed in the intervention group (p<0.05). Neonatal complications were numerically lower in Group A, though the overall difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: BCC significantly reduced immediate maternal complications and improved glycaemic control among women with GDM. Incorporating BCC into routine antenatal services may help reduce GDM-related morbidity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Dhutraj, Sujata Shirish Pol, Dhanashree V. Khade (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pilot implementation of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for Competency based Assessment in Undergraduate Medical Education in Community Medicine
Introduction: By directly observing real-world professional tasks, Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) make competency-based assessment possible. There is very less structured use of EPAs in undergraduate community medicine. The study's objectives were to develop, validate and pilot test an EPA module for Community Medicine among undergraduate students. Methods: Over the course of five months, single-center prospective interventional pilot research was carried out at the Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences' Department of Community Medicine in Jalandhar. Experts developed an EPA module titled "Assessment of nutritional status in a 3-year-old child," which was which had milestones in the emotional, cognitive, and psychomotor domains. The Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI) were evaluated. Direct Observation of Procedural Skills with entrustment levels was used to evaluate thirty Phase III Part I MBBS students. Feedback from students and faculty was obtained. Results: The EPA module showed high content validity, with I-CVI values ranging from 0.86 to 1.00 and an overall S-CVI of 0.94. Most students achieved entrustment level ≥3 for height (86.7%), weight (83.3%), MUAC measurement (73.3%), informed consent (80.0%), and communication skills (76.7%). Clinical judgement demonstrated lower entrustment, with 66.7% achieving Level ≥3 and 20.0% reaching Level 4. Student satisfaction rate was 86.7%, while all faculty expressed satisfaction. EPA feasibility was reported by 83.3% of students and 85.7% of faculty. Key challenges included time constraints, assessor calibration, and learner orientation. Conclusion: The EPA module was found to have strong validity, high satisfaction and feasibility among both students and faculty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohit Sharma, Rajiv Arora, Harwinder Kaur Cheema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morbidity And Out of Pocket Expenditure Among the Households of a Rural area of Kozhikode district, Kerala- A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Universal Health Coverage ensures access to quality healthcare without financial hardship. Even though Indian state Kerala has good achievements of health indicators, Out of Pocket expenditure remains a major concern. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of reported out-patient and in-patient morbidity, healthcare service utilization and to estimate the associated Out of Pocket expenditure. Methods: A Community based Cross Sectional study was conducted among 663 households (n=2371) of Chathamangalam Gram Panchayat, Kozhikode district. A multistage random sampling technique was used. Data on Out Patient (OP) and In Patient (IP) morbidity and expenditure, Health Insurance details were collected using a pre tested questionnaire. Results: Prevalence of OP and IP morbidity rate was 174 and 19 per 1000 population respectively. Private sector utilization was higher for both OP (53.4%) and IP (77%) care. OOPE for OP care at public and private care was ₹145 and 700 respectively. Highest Expenditure in public care was for medicines (₹500) and in private for investigations (₹1150). IP OOPE for public and private care was 600 and 5050 respectively. Highest Expenditure in public was for medicines (₹500) in private for investigations (₹1250). While 74.6% of households were enrolled in health insurance schemes, insured family incurred a median OOPE of ₹2625 compared to ₹4250 among the uninsured. Conclusion: OP and IP health care continue to impose huge financial burden on households in Kerala. Expanding financial protection to cover OP care and improving service delivery in the public sector are essential in achieving UHC.
health expenditures, insurance, health, morbidity, out-of-pocket costs, universal health coverage
Copyright (c) 2026 Anjalilakshmanan, Jayakrishnan T, Sruthikrishna, Ahana Salam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unintentional Injuries and Its Characteristics Among Children Aged 0 to 14 Yearsin Field Practice Areas of the Community Medicine Department of a Tertiary CareInstitute in South Gujarat : A Cross-sectional Study
Introduction: Childhood Unintentional Injuries (UI) are a major yet preventable public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. They contribute significantly to morbidity, and identifying associated risk factors is essential for prevention. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of UI in children. To document the characteristic, outcome and first-aid practices of UI in children. To assess the association of various socio-demographic factors and UI. Methods: A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August 2023 among 206 children using convenient sampling technique in the urban and rural field practice areas of Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, XYZ. Data were collected through house-to-house surveys using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire administered to caregivers. Descriptive statistics and chi-square/Fisher's exact tests were applied, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The proportion of UIs in the preceding six months was 26.7%, higher in rural (30%) than urban (22.1%) areas. Children aged 5–9 years were most affected (47.3%), with mean age 7.27 ± 3.32 years. Significant associations were observed with age (p = 0.04), education (p = 0.0125), and parental marital status (p = 0.025). Falls (41.8%) and burns (21.8%) were leading causes, with 56.4% occurring indoors. Traditional remedies like turmeric and toothpaste were common for first aid, while only 12.7% sought medical care. Conclusion: Childhood UIs are common and strongly influenced by sociodemographic factors. Promoting safer home environments, improving caregiver awareness, and providing first-aid training are essential to reduce this preventable burden.
Children, First Aid, Field practice area, Unintentional Injuries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shreya Parmar, Dr. Mamtarani Verma, Dr. Rutu Buch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Self-Medication among Elderly in an Urban Community of India: A Community based Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Self-medication, defined as the use of medicines without consultation with a qualified healthcare professional, is common among older adults and can pose significant health risks. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of self-medication among elderly individuals in an urban Indian community and to examine associated indications, medication types, and socio-demographic and personal factors influencing this practice. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to August 2022 in the urban field practice area of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. A total of 700 adults aged >65 years were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were applied, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 62.1%. Common indications were fever (71.5%), cold (66.9%), cough (62.8%), and musculoskeletal complaints (42.8%). Analgesics (41.8%) and antihypertensives (39.5%) were most commonly used. Independent predictors included age 65–79 years (AOR = 3.25; 95% CI: 2.05–5.14), female gender (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.45–3.10), illiteracy (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.10–2.10), living alone (AOR = 6.18; 95% CI: 1.84–20.8), and joint/extended family type (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.20–2.92). Habit status and BMI were also significantly associated. Conclusion: Self-medication is highly prevalent among the urban elderly and is influenced by socio-demographic and personal factors. Strengthening health literacy, regular medication review, and pharmacist-led counselling are essential to promote rational drug use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patel Ravinabahen, Patel Kinner (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Study on Proportion of Oral Premalignant Lesions and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Adult Population Attending Cancer Screening Outpatient Department atTertiary Care Cancer Centre in Western Region, India
Introduction: Oral cancer is the third most common cancer type in India. In recent years, studies on the cancer focuses on early detection and timely intervention in Oral premalignant conditions because it plays a pivotal role for cancer prevention and improved patient outcomes. Objectives: To conduct opportunistic screening for suspected oral lesions among individuals attending Cancer screening OPD and to determine the proportion of oral precancerous lesions and their associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among 501 individuals aged ≥18 years attending Cancer Screening OPD at GCRI, Ahmedabad. All participants underwent visual inspection of the oral cavity. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic details, behavioural risk factors, and symptoms related to oral cancer. Results: The proportion of Oral Premalignant Lesion (OPML) in study population was 30.5%. Significant association was observed with older age group (OR=1.67, 95% CI 1.07-2.6), Males (OR=13.1, 95% CI 4.74-36.63) and illiterates (OR=3.32, 95% CI 2.23-4.9). Tobacco consumption (χ2=345.6, p<0.001) and poor oral hygiene (χ2=210.4, p<0.001) showed strong associations with OPML. On binary logistic regression, males were 20 times likely to show OPML compared to females (AOR= 20.42, 95% CI 7.15-58.3) and Illiterates were 4 times likely to affected by OPML compared to literates (AOR= 4.15, 95% CI 2.67-6.42). Conclusion: A high burden of OPML was detected through opportunistic screening, particularly among tobacco users and socio-demographically vulnerable groups. Strengthening community-level screening and risk reduction strategies is essential for early diagnosis and prevention of malignant transformation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Anand Shah, Dr. Ramakrishnan Padmanaban, Dr Mitesh Patel, Dr Bhanuprasad Kotadia, Dr Rohini Patel, Dr Shashank Pandya, Dr Devang Raval (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Awareness of Obstetric and Newborn Danger Signs Among Rural Pregnant Women in Belagavi: A Community - Based Cross - Sectional Study
Introduction: Globally, as per WHO Statistics 2017, approximately 810 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal morbidity and mortality could be prevented to a greater extent if women and their families recognize obstetric danger signs and thus reduce the delay in seeking health care at the right time. Objectives: The study was done to assess the awareness of key danger signs in pregnancy, labour and childbirth, postpartum (first two days after delivery) and in newborn during first seven days after delivery among rural pregnant women. Methods: A community based cross – sectional study was conducted among 400 pregnant women who had completed 28-week gestation in the rural field practice area of a Primary Health Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka for one year from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. Stratified purposive sampling method with population proportionate sampling was used across nine sub-centers. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 24.3±3.6 years. Out of the 400 pregnant women in the study, 73 (18.2%) had good awareness about obstetric and newborn key danger signs. Those who were in ≥ 25 years age group (AOR:3.259, p<0.001), those who belonged to upper and middle socio-economic class (AOR:2.600, p=0.002) and multigravida (AOR:10.205, p<0.001) were positively associated with better awareness about the key danger signs. Conclusion: Two out of ten pregnant women were having good knowledge about the danger signs during pregnancy, labour and childbirth, postpartum and newborn. Good awareness was associated with age, socio-economic status and gravida.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sandhya Gowthaman, Deepti M Kadeangadi, Shivaswamy M S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of Caesarean Delivery on Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Health Facilities in India: A Secondary Data Analysis Using NFHS-5 Data
Introduction: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is crucial for neonatal survival and wellbeing. Caesarean section (C-section) is known to delay EIBF due to reduced opportunity for mother-infant contact. Objective: To assess the association between C-section and Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) in institutional deliveries in India. Method: Secondary data analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019–21) was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed using R programming version 4.5.2. The exposure variable studied was type of delivery (Caesarean or Vaginal), main outcome was Early Initiation of Breastfeeding. Results: Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (EIBF) was observed in 47% of 127,969 institutional births and was found to be lower following C-section (aOR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.48–0.54). Maternal education, birthweight, ANC visits, and urban residence positively correlated with EIBF. Conclusion: C-section was significantly associated with delay in Early Initiation of Breastfeeding. Active support and targeted intervention for mother-baby dyad could potentially increase EIBF rates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frederick Satiro Vaz, Gowtham M Khan, Paramveer Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Universal Immunization Program (UIP) in Botad District, Gujarat, India: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) is a key public health intervention aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite substantial national progress in India, regional disparities in coverage and implementation still persist. Objective: To evaluate the implementation of the Universal Immunization Program in Botad district. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Botad district (Gujarat) from 2023 to 2025. Ten Primary Health Centres (8 rural and 2 urban) were selected using stratified random sampling, and 30 villages were chosen through WHO cluster sampling. Data were collected using structured checklist for facility assessments, immunization session observations, interviews, and household surveys of 150 children aged 12–23 months, 30 antenatal women, and 30 adolescents. Evaluation indicators included human resource availability, training status, microplanning, cold chain management, session quality, supervision, and immunization coverage. Results: The evaluation revealed absence of routine immunization training for healthcare workers in the past three years. Only 30% of PHCs had complete routine immunization microplans, supervision plans were available only in 10% of facilities. Cold chain maintenance was satisfactory. However, session observations identified gaps in safe injection practices (40%), post-vaccination observation (10%), and delivery of four key messages (20%). Full immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months was 79.3%. Td coverage was 100% among pregnant women, while among adolescents it was 60% for Td1 and 40% for Td2. Conclusion: UIP implementation in Botad district showed moderate coverage and satisfactory cold chain management but was limited by gaps in training, supervision, microplanning, and session quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jaymeen Trivedi, Ghanshyam Ahir, Vijay Sondarva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
“Sensitization-Immersion-Reflection”: A Structured Approach to AETCOM learning in Phase-2 MBBS Students
Introduction: Medical education is a multidimensional discipline encompassing knowledge, clinical skills, attitudes, and effective communication, which are pivotal in shaping competent healthcare professionals.This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sensitization-Immersion-Reflection framework as an innovative method to enhance learning and assessment of AETCOM competencies.Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the S I R framework in Enhancing Phase-2 MBBS students' understanding and application of AETCOM competencies.Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental, mixed-methods study design to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sensitization Immersion Reflection framework in enhancing understanding and application of AETCOM competencies. The interventional study was conducted over a period of 3 months and included a sensitization session on ethical concepts through interactive large group teaching followed by an Immersion Phase which featured role plays, case discussions, and cinemeducation to deepen understanding. The understanding and analysis of the students were further assessed in the Reflection Phase through guided reflective writing. Results: 105 students were part of the study, The observations were recorded in terms of knowledge, attitude and communication. Significant improvements were observed in their Knowledge on ethical concepts, post-intervention students demonstrated a significant increase in their ability to identify key ethical principles, as reflected in their reflective writing and discussions. Attitudes: 43% strongly agreed on discussing ethics during clinical rounds, and 38.7% supported respecting patients wishes. 98.9% of students revealed increased awareness of the complexities of ethical dilemmas encountered during role plays.Conclusion: The S-I-R approach effectively enhanced bioethics knowledge shifted attitudes toward ethical practice, and provided valuable feedback.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manisha S Mane, Syeda Saba Hashmiya, Sudha Bala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Utilization of Benefits under Nikshay Poshan Yojana by Tuberculosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ahmedabad city, Gujarat, India
Introduction: Nikshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) was launched in 2018 to meet nutritional needs of tuberculosis patients. Objectives: 1. To assess the utilization pattern of monetary benefits under NPY among tuberculosis (TB) patients. 2. To explore the determinants of correct utilization of monetary benefits among TB patients. Method: It was a cross-sectional study conducted among TB patients (480) across 32 TB units of Ahmedabad. Fifteen TB patients from each TB unit who had received monetary benefits under the NPY were selected purposively and information regarding Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) utilization were collected through one-on-one interviews. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS, employing chi square statistics and logistic regression to identify the predictors of utilization. : Among all the participants, only 394 (82%) patients utilized the received monetary benefit. Six (1%) participants didn’t utilise the monetary benefit despite receiving it while 80 (17%) participants were unaware about the received monetary benefits. Among those who utilized the monetary benefit, 289 (73.3%) participants used it for nutritional supplementation while 105 (26.7%) used it for non-nutritional purposes. Previously treated TB patients (AOR=0.164; p<0.001) and presence of food insecurity (AOR=2.322; p<0.001) were found to be the main determinants of correct utilization of monetary benefit. Conclusion: A significant proportion of beneficiaries utilized DBT for nutritional purposes, but a considerable number either spent on non-nutritional needs or were unaware about the received benefit. Type of TB case and food security status were found to be the key predictors of intended utilization of benefits received.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hothal Vegad, Sudhanshu Saurabh, Aparajita Shukla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Challenges Faced by Community Health Officers in Delivering Comprehensive Primary Health Care at Ayushman Arogya Mandir in a Rural Area of West Bengal: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Community Health Officers (CHOs), play pivotal role in delivering Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) at Ayushman Arogya Mandir (AAM) are facing several workplace challenges which may hinder their effective functioning and influence service delivery outcomes. Objectives: 1.To find-out challenges faced by CHOs delivering CPHC 2.to assess primary stressor and key areas of improvement of services as reported by them. Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 CHOs working at sub-centre level AAMs of Howrah Sadar subdivision, West Bengal by complete enumeration method. Data were collected by pretested, semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used and for analytical part Chi-square test and logistic-regression performed. Results: Among the study participants, 39.5% had residence >10km from workplace, 61.2% reported non-availability of water at working place, 38.2% reported poor sanitation, 44.7% reported net connectivity problem and 30.3% reported scarcity of essential medicines at their AAMs. Around 84% felt that improvement in infrastructure, 72% perceived increased manpower would lead to improvement of services. Primary stressor was reported to be related to health care service delivery by 71%. Primary stressor significantly associated with age group (p<0.0001), education (p=0.003) and residential distance (p=0.02) and age group was significant predictor(p=0.002) of primary stressor. Conclusion: Inadequate infrastructures and lack of logistic supports were major challenges faced by CHOs on delivering health services. Increasing manpower and infrastructure development was to be helpful for improving healthcare services according to CHOs. Work related stress of CHOs was significantly associated with age, healthcare service delivery, educational qualification, and distance from their residence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanchay Pandey, Sukanta Majumdar, Shuvankar Mukherjee, Manidipa Roy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Temporal Trends and Geographic Variation in Cervical Cancer Cases (2005-2023): Insights from State Cancer Institute of Western India
Introduction: Cervical cancer remains a significant global public health concern, with a disproportionate burden observed in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: To study epidemiological profile of the cervical cancer cases at the Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute (GCRI) over 19-year period (2005–2023). Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized cancer registry data and electronic medical records from the GCRI. The study included all histologically confirmed (23,573) cervical cancer cases registered between January 2005 and December 2023. Annual trends in case registrations, age distribution, and geographic distribution (district level within Gujarat and state level across India) were analyzed. Results: Data shows annual registrations of cervical cancer peaks at 1,446 in 2014 before a marked decline to 614 in 2023 (APC= -4.94%). The mean age at diagnosis was 49.4±11.31 years, with the 40–49 age group representing the highest vulnerability (33.72%). While 27.92% of patients migrated from outside Gujarat- primarily from Rajasthan (15.88%) and Madhya Pradesh (9.22%) the intra-state burden was highest in the Ahmedabad district (19.43%). Significant geographic variance was observed, with registrations ranging from 7.00% in Sabarkantha to as low as 0.07% in the Dang district. Conclusions: This 19-year epidemiological analysis of cervical cancer cases at the GCRI reveals marked decline in hospital-based registrations since 2015. However, the persistent geographic inequities identified throughout the study period highlight critical need for targeted outreach and intensified screening in underserved regions. These longitudinal findings underscore the importance of strengthening preventive interventions to align with the World Health Organization’s 2030 cervical cancer elimination targets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anand G Shah, Devanshi Raval, Hiral Dabhi, Bijal M. Patel, Rohini Patel, Zankhana Modi, Janvi Pandya, Mohit N. Makwana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Association of Physical Activity with Metabolic Syndrome among Patients Attending Diabetes Out-Patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kolkata, India
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome, or MetS is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. Physical activity could be beneficial in preventing the various components of MetS. Objectives: To evaluate the association of physical activity with glycemic control and presence of MetS among the study population and to estimate the burden of metabolic syndrome in patients attending the diabetes out-patient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. Method: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 384 patients with diabetes mellitus seeking healthcare service from the Diabetes OPD of a tertiary care hospital of Kolkata from 8th April to 8th June 2023, using a predesigned, pretested and structured schedule that included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The participants were selected by a consecutive sampling technique. Face-to-face interviews, review of records and anthropometry were carried for data collection. Results: Among the 384 participants, 57.8% had inadequate physical activity. Patients performing adequate vigorous physical activity had a higher odds ratio of having ideal/satisfactory glycaemic control. Adequate moderate (OR 0.595, 95% CI 0.361-0.983, p 0.043) or vigorous (OR 0.139, 95% CI 0.049-0.395, p <0.001) physical activity had a significantly lower odds ratio of having MetS. Conclusion: Performing physical activity for adequate duration helps in attaining satisfactory glycemic control and preventing MetS in diabetic patients.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire
Copyright (c) 2026 Somnath Naskar, Ankita Mishra, Prince Kerketta, Mausumi Basu, Shalini Pattanayak, Amitabha Sarkar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Burden and Determinants of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression Among Antenatal Females in an Urban Area of North India: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Anxiety and depression are the most common mental health disorders experienced during pregnancy having a reported between 8.7% and 65% in India. Antenatal depression has been linked to negative health-related behaviors and adverse outcomes among the pregnant females and their neonates. Objective: The present study was designed with the primary aim of determining the prevalence and determinants of depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among antenatal females. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out between February 2023 to August 2024 among 220 antenatal females selected through simple random sampling. A pre- tested semi-structured interview schedule, GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) and PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) scales were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were applied for quantitative data and chi square test was applied to the categorical data. Results: There were 216 participants and among them, 26.9% had some degree of depression. Mild, moderate and severe anxiety were seen in 25.9%, 5.6% and 2.8% of the participants, respectively. Factors like advanced maternal age, lower socioeconomic status, nuclear family structure, lifetime and current experiences of domestic violence, unwanted pregnancy, advanced gestation and a male child preference were significantly associated (p value <0.05) with antenatal depression and anxiety. Conclusion: A high prevalence of antenatal depression and anxiety was associated with various socio-demographic and obstetric factors. The use of screening tools was found to be a feasible method to identify antenatal depression and anxiety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nitika Sharma, Garima Sangwan, Savita Chahal, Manju Rani, Dhriti Bapna, Rajesh Garg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Hypertension among Adolescents in a Rural Area of Madurai District: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Hypertension among adults is an important public health problem nowadays. Uncontrolled hypertension leads to certain complications such as chronic kidney diseases, heart failure, stroke, etc. Early screening of children and adolescents helps to identify those “at risk” of developing hypertension at a future date and also modify risk factors at earlier stage thereby preventing complications. Objectives: 1. To estimate the prevalence of hypertension among adolescents aged 10-19 years in Madurai district. 2. To determine the risk factors associated with development of hypertension among the study participants. Methods: A cross-sectional study comprising of 420 adolescents in the age group of 10-19 years in Madurai district were included by cluster sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Blood Pressure (BP) was measured and diagnosis of hypertension was made based on guidelines of American Association of Pediatrics and Indian Pediatrics. Results: The present study revealed a prevalence of elevated BP as 2.1% and hypertension as 10.2%. Educational status (p=0.004), screen time (p=0.026) and family history (p=0.000) were significantly associated with adolescent hypertension. There was a positive correlation between Age and Systolic, Diastolic BP and also between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Systolic BP. Conclusion: Based on study findings, around 10.2% of the adolescent population was having hypertension. Non modifiable risk factors like family history of hypertension, age and modifiable risk factors like screen time, BMI were some of the factors associated with hypertension.
Copyright (c) 2026 Essakiraja Kanagasabapathy, Muthurajesh Easwaran, Waseemsha Shanavaz Basha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Workplace Violence Against Resident Doctors: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Gujarat, India
Introduction: Workplace violence (WPV) against health sector personnel has become an alarming phenomenon worldwide. The largest online survey conducted by the Indian Medical Association in the year 2017 noted that violence against doctors can be a dominant stressor among doctors. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and describe various determinants of workplace violence against resident doctors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to October 2023 at tertiary care teaching hospital, Surendranagar, Gujarat which was selected by convenient sampling. Resident doctors (n = 189) from all the departments who were willing to participate were interviewed personally using a pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. The Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used. Results: The prevalence of WPV among resident doctors during the past 12 months was 41.26%. Most incidents were psychological in nature (75.64%), primarily perpetrated by patients’ relatives (62.82%), and occurred predominantly in emergency departments (55.13%). Out of all victims of WPV, only 34.62% had reported to authority. The common reasons for WPV found were lack of adequate security personnel (56.61%), prolonged duty hours and excessive workload (55.56%), and unrealistic expectations by the patient/relatives (55.03%). Most participants believed that sufficient security personnel (61.38%) and strengthening of existing law (58.20%) could prevent WPV. The study found a highly statistically significant association between the resident doctor’s branch and WPV. Conclusions: Nearly half of the resident doctors experienced WPV, mainly due to inadequate security, excessive workload, and unrealistic patient/relatives' expectations. However, only one-third reported the incidents, highlighting the need for effective redressal mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mayank R. Kapadiya, Roma S. Dadwani, Hetal Koringa, Vijay Ahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Editorial: A Journey of Trust, Learning, and Gratitude
Copyright (c) 2026 Viral R Dave (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pattern and Severity of Substance Use Disorder among Patients Seeking Treatment at De-addiction Centres in District Amritsar, Punjab
Introduction: Worldwide substance use is a major public health problem. There are multiple socio-demographic correlates of substance use disorders. Objective: To study pattern and severity of substance use disorder (SUD) among patients seeking treatment at two de-addiction centres in Amritsar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 patients with substance use disorders seeking treatment selected by total enumerative method in the time period from 25th March – 24th April,2025 using a predesigned and pretested proforma. The severity of substance use disorder was graded as Mild=2-3, Moderate= 4-5 and Severe=6+ using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for substance use disorder. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 36.4±11.1 years and majority (98%) were males. In order of frequency, substances used were opioids 170 (83.7%), alcohol 77 (37.9%), OTC (over the counter drugs) 42 (20.7%) and tobacco 31 (15.3%). Peer pressure was the commonest reason for the initiation of substance use. By grade, 170 (83.7%) participants had severe, 24 (11.8%) had moderate and 9 (4.5%) participants had mild grade of substance use disorder. Significant associations between severity of substance use disorder and frequency of substance use (OR= 3.61,95% CI=1.10-11.85), clinically diagnosed depression (OR=3.75, 95% CI=1.25-11.19), financial or legal issues faced due to substance use (OR =4.68, 95% CI=2.08-10.50) and current pattern of substance use (OR=4.30 95%, CI=1.50-12.32) were found. Conclusion: Sociocultural factors play a dominant role in substance use disorders. Socio-culturally relevant behaviour change communication and targeted interventions are need of the hour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Priyanka Devgun, Manisha Nagpal, Davinder Singh Bajwa, Harleen Kaur Ghara, Riya Gupta, Arshanpreet Kaur, Brisleen Kaur, Sehajpreet Kaur, Ivjeet Singh Kalkat, Pooja Khanna, Aditya Raj Malhotra, Kabir Singh Sadana, Akarshit Saini, Rajeshwar A Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of Patient Satisfaction in Outpatient Department of PHCs in a Surendranagar District: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: The Bhore Committee (1946) proposed the Primary Health Centre (PHC) as the fundamental unit of the public health system, providing comprehensive care to rural populations, focusing on preventive and promotive aspects. PHC services should be comprehensive, accessible, acceptable, community-driven, and affordable. Patient satisfaction reflects their experience and attitude toward the quality of services provided. Objective: To assess the level of patient satisfaction with various quality-related parameters of outpatient department (OPD) at PHCs and to identify factors influencing satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to August 2023 among adult patients (aged 18 and above) attending the OPD of selected PHCs in Surendranagar District, Gujarat. Twenty PHCs were selected through simple random sampling (2 from each of the 10 talukas), and 10 patients per PHC were enrolled via convenience sampling. Patients with emergency conditions, chronic illnesses, or serious health issues were excluded. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire, and analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 26. Results: Overall, 81% (162) of patients were satisfied with their PHC visit. Key issues reported included unavailability of doctors (68%, 22), essential medicines (74%, 20), and drinking water (89%, 9). About 16.5% (33) faced difficulty reaching the PHC. Suggestions included ensuring drug availability (47.5%, 95), posting specialist doctors (30.5%, 61), and providing ambulance services (23.5%, 47). Conclusion: The study indicates high patient satisfaction with PHC services but highlights gaps in transportation, availability of doctors and medicines, and access to drinking water and ambulance services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saif Ali S. Kadri, Jay H. Nimavat, Kishor M. Sochaliya, Pratiksha R. Padhiyar, Pratik K. Jasani, Premsagar J. Vasava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Frailty and its Determinants among Elderly People of Rural Tamil Nadu - A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Frailty is defined as a clinically recognizable state of increased vulnerability resulting from aging associated decline in reserve and function across multiple systems. Unlike chronological aging, frailty is a dynamic and potentially reversible condition if identified early. Understanding its prevalence, risk factors, and consequences is essential for developing targeted interventions that can improve quality of life, reduce healthcare costs, and promote healthy aging. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of Frailty among elderly people aged 60 years and above in a rural area of Tamil Nadu Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done in 166 elders using multistage sampling method to assess the prevalence of frailty of rural Tamil Nadu. A semi-structured pretested questionnaire was used and Frailty was measured using Fried’s phenotypic criteria. Results: The study revealed that the Prevalence of Frailty was found to be 33.1%, 54.2% were pre-frail and 12.7% were non-frail. Statistically significant association was found between prevalence of frailty and age, gender, level of education, marital status, living arrangement, economic independence and vision. Female participants were more frail (41.4%) than male participants (16.4%). This study shows 92.9% of the participants who were of age 80 years and above were frail. Conclusion: The study shows that frailty is a prevalent condition among the elderly, reflecting the growing vulnerability of this age group to adverse health outcomes. Comprehensive Geriatric Care addressing all domains of ageing must be implemented from primary health care.
Frailty, elderly, older people, Fried’s criteria
Copyright (c) 2025 Malai Ammal M, Vijayakumar M, Vijayalakshmi M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study of Diabetes Mellitus Profile among Bus Drivers of Surat City Depot, Gujarat, India
Introduction: India is witnessing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with type 2 diabetes mellitus emerging as a major public health challenge. Gujarat, with its oil- and sugar-rich diet, ranks second nationally in diabetes prevalence. Among high-risk occupational groups, professional bus drivers are particularly vulnerable due to sedentary lifestyles, poor dietary habits, and limited physical activity. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes among bus drivers. To determine risk factors associated with diabetes. Methods: This study was conducted from May to August 2023 at two major bus depots in Surat, Gujarat. Based on the NFHS-5 prevalence of diabetes and using universal sampling, a total of 321 eligible bus drivers were included. Data were collected via a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS v26, Epi Info v3, and Excel 2019, applying univariate and bivariate analyses. Results: The majority were aged 31–40 years 167 (52%), belonged to socioeconomic Class 2 159 (50%), and had 0–5 years of job experience 188 (58%). About 45 (14%) reported health issues, primarily hypertension 13 (29%) and diabetes 12 (27%). Diabetes prevalence was significantly associated with education (p<0.001), socioeconomic class (p=0.018), and urban residence (p=0.04). Diabetic drivers were older, had longer job tenures, and higher incomes (p<0.05). Conclusion: There were significant associations between diabetes prevalence 30 (9.3%) and factors such as age, education, waist-to-hip ratio, residence, income and job tenure
Copyright (c) 2025 Pratik M Makwana, Krupa R Gondaliya, Sukesha P Gamit, Jayant R Patel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Brewing Epidemic of Research Publications in Medical Colleges: Critical Commentary
Today’s medical educator/health professional educator is undergoing an identity crisis as competing priorities are thrust on him/her. Being an astute clinician, teacher (with multiple sub roles involving pedagogical and technological skills), researcher and administrator the educator is expected to deliver on all the fronts which is easier said than done. The most important determinant of recognition and reward today is scholarship of discovery and not always scholarship of teaching, integration or application which seem surreal at the least. The accreditation and ranking of an institute hinge on the number and quality of research output. There are targets set for procuring research grants and patents. This looks progressive and necessary but there are concerns which need the attention of all stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manjunatha S Nagaraja (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Knowledge of Rabies and Wound Care after Animal Bite among Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) in Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC): A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Rabies is a vaccine preventable disease having 100% fatality. India is endemic for Rabies accounting for 36% of the world’s Rabies deaths. ASHAs are the grass root level worker who spreads awareness about Rabies and wound care after animal bite. Objectives: 1. To assess the knowledge of Rabies among ASHAs. 2. To assess the knowledge of wound care after animal bite among them. 3. To determine the association of various sociodemographic factors with knowledge of Rabies and wound care after animal bite among ASHA. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 139 ASHAs from Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation selected by stratified random sampling from 86 UPHC from September 2024 to November 2024. A self-administrating questionnaire was used. Results: The mean age of ASHAs was 43.8 ± 8.1 years and mean work experience of 11.6 ± 5.8 years. None of them had any prior training in Rabies or wound care. Dog bite (92.1%) was the commonest source recognized by the majority of participants and 82% thought Rabies is fatal. About 97.1% knew about Rabies vaccine, 20% knew the right number of doses. 62.6% believed in traditional remedies for wound care, while 76.3% knew about washing the wound with soap and water. Total knowledge score was most strongly associated with work experience (p = 0.024). Conclusion: This study identifies lack of knowledge regarding Rabies and appropriate care of wounds following animal bites among ASHA workers in Ahmedabad city suggesting the need for training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vibhuti Chandera, Bhavna Puwar, Vaibhavi Patel, Birenkumar Patel, Bhavin Solanki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0